quality of life case study

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What Is a Case Study?

When you’re performing research as part of your job or for a school assignment, you’ll probably come across case studies that help you to learn more about the topic at hand. But what is a case study and why are they helpful? Read on to learn all about case studies.

Deep Dive into a Topic

At face value, a case study is a deep dive into a topic. Case studies can be found in many fields, particularly across the social sciences and medicine. When you conduct a case study, you create a body of research based on an inquiry and related data from analysis of a group, individual or controlled research environment.

As a researcher, you can benefit from the analysis of case studies similar to inquiries you’re currently studying. Researchers often rely on case studies to answer questions that basic information and standard diagnostics cannot address.

Study a Pattern

One of the main objectives of a case study is to find a pattern that answers whatever the initial inquiry seeks to find. This might be a question about why college students are prone to certain eating habits or what mental health problems afflict house fire survivors. The researcher then collects data, either through observation or data research, and starts connecting the dots to find underlying behaviors or impacts of the sample group’s behavior.

Gather Evidence

During the study period, the researcher gathers evidence to back the observed patterns and future claims that’ll be derived from the data. Since case studies are usually presented in the professional environment, it’s not enough to simply have a theory and observational notes to back up a claim. Instead, the researcher must provide evidence to support the body of study and the resulting conclusions.

Present Findings

As the study progresses, the researcher develops a solid case to present to peers or a governing body. Case study presentation is important because it legitimizes the body of research and opens the findings to a broader analysis that may end up drawing a conclusion that’s more true to the data than what one or two researchers might establish. The presentation might be formal or casual, depending on the case study itself.

Draw Conclusions

Once the body of research is established, it’s time to draw conclusions from the case study. As with all social sciences studies, conclusions from one researcher shouldn’t necessarily be taken as gospel, but they’re helpful for advancing the body of knowledge in a given field. For that purpose, they’re an invaluable way of gathering new material and presenting ideas that others in the field can learn from and expand upon.

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"We were actively looking at implementing a staff survey and the Quality of Working Life survey designed by QoWL provided everything which we needed and more. The process of getting the survey up and running was extremely smooth and QoWL were able to advise where we had any specific queries. Throughout the process, we worked as a virtual team and they were a pleasure to work with. The outcomes from the initial survey are part of our strategic planning process and we plan to repeat the survey in 2010." Internal Communications Manager of a large HE establishment

The case studies below show how we have helped organisations issue, and understand the results of their survey.

A Large UK University

A Large UK NHS Primary Care Trust
A Large UK Local Education Authority
A Large UK NHS Hospital Trust

Our University benchmark research attracted attention from the HR director of a large post 1992 University. They knew they wanted to have the full survey and follow up information and planned to have the survey become a regular part of their annual organisational development cycle. We talked them through our 360 degree survey philosophy and discussed how the process should be tailored for them.

The full QoWL survey was undertaken, complete with organisational specific questions. An attractive and professional looking paper version of the QoWL survey questionnaire was produced to give to staff who did not have ready access to the usual internet based survey system. The whole university was given notice through the staff magazine a month before the survey and a week before a pre-survey warning was emailed to all staff. Departmental managers were briefed on the importance of the survey and how useful the results would be to them and the university.

On 'Q' day the internet survey went live and the paper versions were made available with appropriately addressed envelopes to relevant staff. Reminders were sent out after 1 and 2 and a half weeks and the survey closed after three and a half weeks. At this point the online survey data was processed and the paper based questionnaire data was passed to QoWL to be entered into the database and analysed alongside with online data. Within two weeks an initial analysis had taken place and based on feedback from the university HR department staff categories with less than 10 staff reported were collapsed into bigger groupings.

After a further four weeks the full summary analysis was delivered, comprising of a detailed breakdown of each question and each WRQoL and HSE factor by relevant category questions. A presentation was then given by a director of QoWL to the university senior management team. A final version of the full report and short summary reports for each of 10 departments / areas of the university were provided after a further two weeks.

University HR staff arranged a series of departmental / area level presentations to guide the use of the summaries. After a further two months an executive summary of the general results including feedback and comments on the process and findings were circulated to all staff through a special edition of the staff newsletter. Implications and actions planned due to the points arising from the survey were highlighted. During the next year progress on achieving the action plan was publicised through the staff newsletter.

A Large UK Primary Care Trust

A large UK NHS Primary Care Trust (PCT) required an independent professional, high-quality audit of the opinions of their staff. A strategy to develop the audit was produced during an initial meeting with the Trust’s human resources representatives. We then met with management, unions, and human resources representatives to develop the requirements for the survey. On the basis of analysis of previous survey results in the Trust, a small number of core Work-Related Quality of Life (QoWL) questions were chosen, to which a selection of questions relevant to the current needs of the Trust were added. The human resources team were guided as to how to pilot the questionnaire within their organisation. Our team then desk top published the final version of the questionnaire and cover sheet, and the PCT organised the printing of the questionnaires themselves. We advised on strategies for getting high response rates and the questionnaire was distributed. The questionnaires were filled in by employees, and then put into free post envelopes and posted back to us. We organised processing of the over 1000 envelopes and inputting of the data into a database. This data was analysed using a suite of programs specially written by our staff for this type of analysis.

Executive summaries of the findings were provided for the Trust management team and described during a presentation to department heads within the organisation. The full report was discussed in detail with the steering group of management, unions, and with the human resources team as part of the development of a strategy for the organisation to resolve the issues highlighted during the survey. A presentation was then made to the Board of Governors which contained a review of the findings of the survey and the recommended actions. A summary of the survey, a celebration of good practice found, and the actions to be taken to resolve outstanding issues were provided to employees through the Trust newsletter.

The Trust reported that the process had given them valuable information about the needs and requirements of their employees. Some very practical actions taken on the basis of the survey included addressing child-care needs of staff and improving flexible working arrangements. The survey also highlighted a problem with the uptake of the appraisal system. This led to the human resources providing further training and workshops for managers and employees.

The analysis of the open questions which asked employees to comment on "what is the best thing about your job", "what is the worst thing about your job", "what is the one thing you would most like to change about your job", were found to be especially helpful in understanding the work context of the core QoWL questions by providing specific examples of how the organisation might improve the working lives of employees.

A survey the following year found improvements in the targeted areas, and identified certain other areas as requiring attention. The ongoing cycle of survey, action and re-assessment was found to be useful by the Trust and contributed to the empowerment of the employees.

A Large LEA

A Large Local Education Authority required a sample of employee views across their organisation. We met with the representatives including the head of personnel to develop an assessment of the QoWL of staff. In addition, given specific client concerns, a set of questions was developed to measure types of harassment experienced by staff. APU personnel helped the organisation develop a sampling strategy and provided project management assistance to pilot the questionnaire within the LEA. Questionnaires were distributed and passed directly to the us. The questionnaires were processed and entered into a database. A short report containing the key findings in the form of an extended executive summary was developed. Results were used to inform LEA personnel policy and actions were formulated using the data to tackle high staff turnover.

A Large NHS Hospital Trust

A Large NHS Hospital Trust were about to embark on a series of radical changes in their organisational structure and were interested in tracking the effect of this change on staff morale and quality of working life. Our psychologists met with human resources staff and union representatives to develop a tailored questionnaire (including WRQoL core questions, with Harassment at work and Health and Safety at work sub-questionnaires). At the end of the assessment period each year results were fed back by us, who also contributed to the development of an action plan for the forthcoming year. Each year a small number of questions were introduced to cover issues of the moment for the Hospital Trust, but otherwise the standard questions remained the same. This rolling programme continued over a period of some five years, allowing the Trust not only to investigate the year on year opinions of staff but also to track changes, assess effectiveness of the actions taken, and provide evidence of staff QoWL as required by central NHS agencies.

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, quality of life case studies for university teaching in sustainable development.

International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education

ISSN : 1467-6370

Article publication date: 1 June 2001

The teaching of subjects such as quality of life and sustainable development presents tremendous challenges because of the nebulous and multifaceted nature of the subject matter. An important advantage of the case‐study approach to teaching is its capacity for understanding complexity in particular contexts. The purpose of this article is to examine quality of life and the use of its case studies for teaching and learning. It will discuss some issues on quality of life research and their difficulties in definition and evaluation, illustrated with actual case studies.

Case studies
Sustainable development

Lan Yuan, L. (2001), "Quality of life case studies for university teaching in sustainable development", International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education , Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 127-138. https://doi.org/10.1108/14676370110388345

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Quality of Life and Daily Travel pp 183–198 Cite as

A Case Study Exploring Associations of Quality of Life Measures with Car and Active Transport Commute Modes in Sydney

Nicholas Petrunoff 4 ,
Melanie Crane 4 &
Chris Rissel 4

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Part of the Applying Quality of Life Research book series (BEPR)

Several dimensions of commuting influence perceived stress, such as impedance (a measure of distance and time which is impacted by the number of transport nodes), and control over and predictability of commuting. Research into commuting mode and stress has generated mixed results. The case study in this chapter used baseline survey data from a 3-year workplace travel plan intervention. Workplace travel plans aim to promote active and sustainable forms of transport and reduce driving to work. An on-line cross-sectional survey of staff travel behaviour was conducted in September 2011 at Liverpool Hospital in Sydney, Australia. A total of 675 respondents provided data on the items of interest for this analysis (travel behaviour, self-reported stress, occupation type, demographics). Approximately one in six respondents (15%) actively commuted to work (walking 4%, cycling 2% or using public transport 9%). There was a large (15%) difference between active commuters’ (10.1%) and drivers’ (25%) perceptions that the commute to work was more stressful than the rest of their day that remained statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio 0.35, 95% confidence interval 0.17–0.73) after adjusting for factors including gender, age, physical activity levels and occupational type (clinical vs non-clinical). These findings support international research which has shown that active travel to work may be less stressful than car commuting.

Active travel
Travel planning
Physical activity
Quality of life
Health promotion

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We wish to convey our appreciation to members of the South Western Sydney and Sydney Health Promotion Services, who supported implementation of the main intervention study. Thanks also to the executives and staff from Liverpool Hospital in Sydney, who supported the study.

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Petrunoff, N., Crane, M., Rissel, C. (2018). A Case Study Exploring Associations of Quality of Life Measures with Car and Active Transport Commute Modes in Sydney. In: Friman, M., Ettema, D., Olsson, L.E. (eds) Quality of Life and Daily Travel. Applying Quality of Life Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76623-2_10

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This research effort examines two aspects of quality of life within an inner city neighborhood: community connectedness and safety. Based on the current literature, it was hypothesized that inner city residents would exhibit relatively low levels of community connectedness as well as low levels of perceived safe living conditions in their community. These two broad areas were analyzed by utilizing a variety of predictor variables including age cohorts, race, gender, educational attainment, employment status, and length of community resident status. Data collection was accomplished through surveying adult residents by utilizing a systematic random sample design. The research findings suggested that resident perceptions of the neighborhood were quite different from the general assertions made about inner city neighborhoods in the extant literature. Overall, residents indicated they felt safe across a number of safety indicators with race, educational attainment, employment status, age, and length of residence in the neighborhood having relatively no influence on these perceptions. Regarding community connectedness perceptions, resident responses were quite positive. Based on the findings, the research hypothesis was not supported.

Connectedness , Geographic Segregation , Inequality , Institutional Discrimination

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1. Introduction

Many geographical areas within the United States are faced with challenges related to issues stemming from continual urbanization. This, often termed urban sprawl, is generally defined as the spreading of a city and its contiguous suburbs into rural land areas which are located at the fringes. The dynamics of growth, especially in the Sunbelt region of the United States, exhibits tremendous population expansion away from core of central cities. Suburban growth coupled with exurbs has led to urban sprawl. Recent population growth in Austin, Texas and San Antonio, Texas are contemporary examples of how suburbs, related to these cities, expand for miles nearly 360 degrees around the urban central city core.

Across the nation, growing numbers of communities are discovering links between urban sprawl and a wide range of problems: from traffic and air pollution to central city poverty, and the degradation of scenic areas [1] . This phenomenon has negative impacts on central city areas. For example, maintaining infrastructure and providing improved quality of life for residents and economic development opportunities become problematic ventures in the metropolitan central city areas. This is particularly acute among inner-city racial minority enclave neighborhoods [2] . This study focuses on quality of life issues related to inner city neighborhoods.

The purpose of this research effort is to examine two aspects of quality of life within an inner city neighborhood: community connectedness and safety. Based on the current literature, it is hypothesized that inner city residents will exhibit relatively low levels of community connectedness as well as low levels of perceived safe living conditions in their community. These two broad areas are analyzed by utilizing a variety of predictor variables including age cohorts, race, gender, educational attainment, employment status, and length of community resident status. An inner city neighborhood located in San Antonio, Texas was served as a case study for this research endeavor. Data collection was accomplished through surveying adult residents utilizing a systematic random sample design.

2. Literature Review and Theory Application

2.1. Review of the Literature

Central city and inner-city areas with high concentrations of lower socio-economic racial minority populations provide a focus into the operation of a variety of community dynamics. When considering these dynamics, poverty levels must be taken into account. Kasarda [3] found that despite economic expansion across society in the 1980s, the proportion of city residents living in poverty increased within inner-city enclaves in almost every metropolitan area in the United States. Wilson [2] would argue that inner-city neighborhoods are physically and economically separated from their metropolitan area. Two dynamics within inner-city neighborhoods that are impacted by isolation are connectedness to the community and issues of safety. Poor disadvantaged communities are often perceived as hostile environments. This is because the children of these communities are often exposed to crime, poverty, unemployment, neighborhood decay and social isolation [4] . The US Census Bureau describes two types of poor communities. One that is an impoverished area that includes census tracts with at least 20% of residents characterized as poor. The other is an impoverished area that includes census tracts where at least 40% of residents are characterized as poor. Both of these types are exhibit inadequate educational, medical and mental health services, and higher levels of juvenile delinquency and crime [4] .

The perceptions of crime and violence, especially within inner city neighborhoods, influence the perceptions of cohesion and collective behavior among residents. Racial and economic exclusion impacts the feeling of powerlessness and the inability to impact quality of life issues within the community. Wider structural constraints and a stratified political economy can influence these perceptions of crime within communities as well as connectedness [5] . It can be extended that individuals in neighborhoods which are racially and economically isolated from the other geographic communities comprising the metropolitan area will feel less connected within their communities. Additionally, they will perceive higher levels of crime within their neighborhoods.

For many Americans, the ghetto or the inner city is a dangerous enclave which is typically crime ridden, impoverished, drug infested, and violent. Historically, as a result of ethnic and residential progression, inner city areas have expanded and threatened to consume influence nearby neighborhoods. Sustained by mass media outlets and popular culture, this view of the inner city has reached recognizable significance and has served as a powerful source for maintaining prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination [6] .

As the Civil Rights Movement climaxed in the late 1960s and urban rebellions occurred in inner city areas across the United States, the term ghetto became interchangeable with words and ideas such as combativeness and violence [6] . During this time period, substantial police authority was applied to suppress conflict, inner city residents were killed or injured, and others were left without homes [6] . Therefore, the view of the inner city evolved into one that is isolated from other urban communities and it segregates lower socio-economic minorities from their middle class and professional class counterparts.

Inner city communities are often characterized by race composition, urban isolation, and relative poverty. In the United States, ghettos are understood to consist of primarily minority peoples living in urban neighborhoods that have a high concentration of poverty. This high concentration of poverty is linked with behavior and attitudes that some may consider deviant, but are also widely perceived as a threat to the freedom, property and safety of others. However, it should be emphasized that that most inner city residents respect the law enforcement, accept conventional ideas of morality and make an effort to conform to mainstream standards of public and private conduct. However, areas of high poverty that have few good employment opportunities and subpar school systems push some residents into contemplating illegal means for obtaining sustainable personal income [7] .

Many theories arise concerning the relationship between crime and poverty. One theoretical model posits an accelerating increase effect of poverty on crime. Theories developed by William Julius Wilson and Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton stress the negative effects of poverty and crime on quality of life within the inner city. These theoretical models note race and poverty in the United States are strongly linked and difficult to separate. As a result, inner city neighborhoods become more segregated by race and poverty. This is heightened by the flight of middle class minority individuals out of the neighborhood and into surrounding suburban communities [8] . As a result, inner city neighborhoods experience a general breakdown of the positive norms embraced by middle class residents that alleviated the harmful effects of disadvantage by applying a level of social control that persuaded residents to refrain from undesirable behavior [9] . The theoretical approach perceives the absence of middle class role models as affecting the behavior of residents and brings about a cycle of disadvantage and higher crime rates [8] .

2.2. Theory of Collective Efficacy

Much of the current literature examines issues related to connectedness among residents within neighborhoods and communities. The Theory of Collective Efficacy Poverty, initially used to understand criminal activity, can be extended to include analyzing cohesion among neighborhood residents [10] . This theory was developed as a result of analyzing dynamics within communities in which individuals experienced family disruption and high residential mobility. Anonymity and lack of social relationships among neighborhood residents are often related to issues of family stability and mobility. Increased crime and violence in the neighborhoods were related to low resident participation in community organizations and in local activities as well as low levels of social relationships. These factors contributed to further community disintegration [5] .

Neighborhood collective efficacy complements and builds on the concept of Albert Bandura’s theory of collective efficacy. It represents the construction of communal trust and social cohesion along with mutual expectations for intervening in support of community social control. Neighborhood collective efficacy is linked to positive outcomes in lower socio-economic communities by “decreasing crime and delinquency and increasing positive peer attachments among youth” [4] .

The incidence of poverty within communities decreases the availability of resources needed to support basic institutional components which include the family, churches, schools and charitable organizations. Therefore, poverty can contribute residential instability, ethnic heterogeneity, discourage the development of long-lasting relationships, diminish social attachments, and complicate efforts to achieve common goals [11] .

The perceived level of crime is often associated with interaction between neighborhood residents. According to Robert J Sampson, “murders, physical assaults and other violent acts occur less frequently in neighborhoods where residents know and trust one another, show a willingness to supervise children in public spaces, and take steps to maintain social order” [12] . Research generally shows that the safer the community is perceived to be, the more residents share common goals, values, and mutual reliance [13] . A research team headed by Sampson found that not only did collective efficacy increase sharply in communities with low crime rates; it also had a more substantial impact on violent crimes within neighborhoods than pervasive poverty, large numbers of first generation immigrants, or transient residence [12] .

Ecological systems theory attempts to explain human behavior and its consequences within the context of social and physical environments. This theory focuses on two main ideas. The first is the exchange between an individual and their environment as they strive to acclimate and adjust into established systems, and the second is the interconnection of the many levels of an ecological system. The ecological systems theory suggests that all levels of an ecological system influence the individual, and for an individual to thrive, equilibrium between the various systems must be achieved [14] .

Urie Brofenbrenner’s ecological framework credits the neighborhood as a “transactional setting that directly and indirectly influences human behavior and development” [4] . He views citizen participation, the functional, deliberate involvement of individuals and groups to influence problematic conditions in underprivileged communities, as an instrument that positively impacts neighborhood problems and issues. This ecological perspective reveals how living in underprivileged communities can undesirably influence inhabitants and how resident participation can empower and lead to positive outcomes for the community [4] .

Based on the previous theoretical discussion, Collective Efficacy Theory allows for the linkage of quality of life issues to types of neighborhoods. Communities comprised of residents who perceive high levels of safety will have high levels of connectedness. Conversely, residents who perceive low levels of safety will perceive low levels of connectedness. Most of the literature suggests that the demographics of inner city neighborhoods (racial composition and socioeconomic status) influence perceptions of community safety and connectedness. A general research hypothesis is posited for guiding this case study of an inner city neighborhood.

H R : There is a direct relationship between perceptions of safety and community connectedness. Within an inner city neighborhood, residents perceive low levels of safety and low levels of connectedness.

Description of the Neighborhood. The Eastpoint 1 neighborhood covers approximately 3 ½ square miles and five census tracts just east of downtown San Antonio, Texas. The San Antonio Independent School District (SAISD) serves this area with three elementary schools, one middle school and one child development center. The neighborhood is one of two traditional bases for San Antonio’s African American community. The community infrastructure has been in decline for several decades (street disrepair, lighting issues, lack of sidewalks, etc.). In recent years, an area that had an African American majority relative to population composition has become more ethnically diverse. Today, Hispanic Americans represent the majority population in the target area. Over a ten-year period, the population in this area declined by 5% (see Table 1 ). Yet the overall population growth in San Antonio expanded by 16%. The families that remained in the target community tend to be younger, poorer, and less educated in comparison to the Greater San Antonio area (see Table 1 ).

Sampling Design. For the purpose of this study, a stratified (proportionate) random sampling design was employed to obtain a sample for analysis. The households were divided (stratified into a single residence unit sampling frame and a multi-housing unit sampling frame). Each household was assigned a unique number. Sample elements were selected with the use of a random number generator. Proportionate weights relative to sample selection were given to single resident household and multi-family households. Therefore, each element had a statistically known chance of being selected as part of the sample. The advantages associated with this sampling design were that it required minimum knowledge of population and it is free of possible classification errors. The major disadvantage related to this type of sampling design was that larger sampling errors may occur due to controlling for type of household [15] [16] .

The sampling unit was composed of households. These households were divided into two sub-sampling groups; a single-family household group and a multi-family household group. A list was generated for both groupings. Census Tracts, from the United States Bureau of the Census which comprise the EPN target area, was used to generate a comprehensive household address listing. The stratified random sampling design would ensure that heterogeneous neighborhood factors would not be minimized. Addi-

Table 1 . Profile of the Eastpoint neighborhood, 2000 and 2010.

tionally, low population density areas were not over-sampled. Prior to finalizing the sample, researchers verified the validity of each address. By utilizing household as a sampling unit, getting a generalizable microcosm of the neighborhood was ensured. For each household chosen, an individual, who was at least 18 years of age, was chosen randomly for interview.

A comprehensive listing of approximately 4631 addresses was used to generate a sample of 1200 household units. A final survey sample of 633 respondents was obtained and the surveying was conducted in June 2015. The completion [response] rate was 52%. The sampling error associated with these numbers is approximately ± 5% at a confidence level of 95% [17] .

A survey questionnaire was administered to participants in June 2015. The instrument was used in two previous survey efforts (2013 and 2014). The survey items yielded generally consistent information across each survey period. This consistency of item measurement provides strong evidence of survey item reliability.

4. Study Findings

4.1. Demographic Overview of Eastpoint

The resident survey information revealed some interesting demographic distributions. Racial and gender composition showed that the community was quite heterogeneous. Table 2 shows that 57% of the residents were female. With respect to racial composition, 51% were Hispanic, 38% were African American, and 6% were White.

Educational attainment and employment status are two important descriptive variables associated with the EPN target area. Table 2 shows that the highest percentage of educational attainment completed in the community was high school with 30% of respondents obtaining a diploma. Roughly 21% of respondents completed some colleges or trade schools while only 5% completed community colleges, and 7% of community members earned a college degree. With respect to employment status, approximately 52% of community respondents said they were employed (either full-time or part-time). Another 27% were not working with about 19% stating they were retired.

Table 2 reflects information related to the age of the survey participant, resident information, and family arrangement issues. In the Eastside Promise Neighborhood target area, the average age of the respondent was 48 years of age. The youngest respondent was 18 years of age and the oldest respondent was 98 years of age. The average number of years a respondent lived in the neighborhood was 15 years, with the maximum number of years being 72 years.

4.2. Perceptions of Community Consciousness and Safety

The study revealed very positive resident perceptions of quality of life within the community. The findings, regarding connectedness, demonstrated that the majority of the residents believed they are part of Eastpoint. Over 53% said they felt like they are members of the community and another 65% indicated they belong to the neighborhood. Moreover, nearly 55% perceived they are connected to the Eastpoint community (see Table 3 ).

Table 2 . Summary of Eastpoint resident demographic profile, 2015.

Table 3 . Resident perceptions of connectedness and safety in Eastpoint, 2015.

Residents provided views indicating they generally perceive Eastpoint as a safe place to live. Table 3 illustrates that 92% said they feel safe in their homes and roughly 86% indicated they feel safe walking in the neighborhood during the day. Finally, only 37% believed it is safe to walk in community in the evening.

There were important relationships discovered between community connectedness perceptions and perceptions of safety. Table 4 points out that moderate positive correlations existed between these items. Generally, residents who indicated they felt safe in the neighborhood tended to say they felt connected to the community. Respondents who perceived they were safe in their homes said they were members of the community and were connected to the neighborhood. Residents indicating the felt safe walking in the neighborhood tended to feel they were members and belonged to the neighborhood. Similar responses were found for those who felt safe walking in the community at night.

Table 5 analyzes the correlations between issues of community connectedness and safety, and gender, race, educational attainment, employment status, age and length of residence. Spearman correlation analysis was used to understand the nature of the relationship between variables. According to the information, there was no relationship between race/ethnicity and feeling like a member of the community or perceptions of safety in the neighborhood.

Table 4 . Summary of spearman correlations between selected community connectedness and safety items, 2015.

*Probability level is <0.05; **Probability level is <0.01.

Table 5 . Summary of spearman correlations between selected community connectedness and safety items and gender, race, educational attainment, employment status, age, and length of residence, 2015.

1 Eastpoint is used as pseudonym for actual neighborhoods comprising the inner city area which is the focus of this study.

Employment status had no effect on resident perceptions of community connectedness and safety. There was a low positive association between age and feeling like a member of the community. The older the resident the more likely they felt connected to the community and their neighborhood. Similarly, length of residence shows a low positive correlation regarding resident perceptions of community connectedness. There was a negligible correlation between age of resident and feelings of safety, as well as length of residence and perceptions of safety.

5. Study Conclusions

The research findings suggest that Eastpoint resident perceptions are quite different from the general assertions made about inner city neighborhoods in the extant literature. Overall, residents indicated they felt safe across a number of safety indicators with race, educational attainment, employment status, age, and length of residence in the neighborhood having relatively no influence on these perceptions. With respect to gender, women exhibited lower levels of perceived safety in comparison to men.

Regarding community connectedness perceptions, resident responses were quite positive. Older residents and those who have lived in the Eastpoint longer tended to exhibit higher levels of connectedness. Additionally, a weak relationship was found between educational attainment and connectedness perceptions. Those with higher educational attainment tended to express lower levels of community connectedness. Employment status, gender, and race did not impact connectedness perceptions.

Our research hypothesis posited there was a direct relationship between perceptions of safety and community connectedness. Within an inner city neighborhood, residents perceive low levels of safety and low levels of connectedness. Based on the findings, the research hypothesis was not supported. It should be noted that this research demonstrated a perceived linkage between safety and community connectedness levels. We did find, for the inner city neighborhood, higher levels of perceptions of safety were positively correlated with higher levels of community connectedness as posited by Collective Efficacy Theory. Many of the studies found in the existing literature suggest that the demographics of inner city neighborhoods (racial composition and socioeconomic status) negatively influence perceptions of community safety and connectedness. This research effort discovered findings contradicting these asserted negative influences.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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