literature review on financial performance analysis of banks pdf

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

RESEARCH ON " FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN BANKING SECTOR (IN SELECTED COMMERCIAL BANKS IN ETHIOPIA

by Gudata Abara

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT The study deals with assessment of financial performance analysis in Ethiopian commercial banking sector for a period of Ethiopia stands first in assets management where as Awash International Bank took the first rank in terms of profitability performance. The third finding explains that Co Bank pertains to stand last in terms of liquidity management. Lastly, Private owned bank, United Bank stood at the first rank in terms of solvency and risk management among all sample banks under study.

Free Related PDFs

European Journal of Business and Management

Alaparthi Varaprasad

dereje birhanie

2020, International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Risk Management

Symon Nyalugwe

Research Journal of Finance and Accounting

Maru Godebo

ketema sime

The study was attempted to investigate determinants of financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopian by using secondary data. The data were obtained from audited financial statements of five sampled commercial banks for the period of 1997 to 2017 and National Bank of Ethiopia. The study used return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) as dependent financial performance variable. Moreover, the study used bank specific variables as explanatory variables. Both descriptive statistics and econometrics model specifically fixed effects estimation were used to analyze the relationships of dependent variable with explanatory variables. The major findings of the study shows that bank specific determinants were very important in explaining financial performance of commercial banks. The management efficiency, customer deposit to total asset ratio, capital adequacy ratio, loan to deposit ratio were positively and significantly related to bank’s financial performance. The study ...

Tigist Abebe

This study examines the determinants of financial performance of a private commercial bank by using the monthly financial statement of Bank ''X''3 from 2011 to 2016. A quantitative research approach was adopted, and the data were estimated using the Ordinary Least Square approach of multiple linear regression model. The study examined only internal factors such as capital adequacy, loan to deposit ratio, income diversification, operating efficiency, export, liquidity, loan performance and deposit mobilization as explanatory variables. Return on Asset, Return on Equity and Net Interest Margin were used as dependant variables to measure the financial performance of the Bank. The finding of the study revealed that income diversification, deposit amount, export level and loan performance have a significant influence on the financial performance of Bank ''X''. Therefore, it is recommended that commercial banks should increase export proceed, capital and lo...

Tesfaye Boru Lelissa (PHD, FCCA, CERM)

This paper investigates the determinants of Ethiopian banks performance considering bank specific and external variables on selected banks' profitability for the 1990-2012 periods. The empirical investigation uses the accounting measure Return on Assets (ROA) to represent Banks' performance. The study finds that bank specific variables by large explain the variation in profitability. High performance is related to the ability of banks to control their credit risk, diversify their income sources by incorporating non-traditional banking services and control their overhead expenses. In addition, the paper finds that bank's capital and liquidity status are not significant to affect the performance of banks. On the other hand, the paper finds that bank size and macroeconomic variables such real GDP growth rates have no significant impact on banks' profitability. However, the inflation rate is determined to be significant driver to the performance of the Ethiopian commercial banks INTRODUCTION Banks play a vital role in economic development through engaging themselves in an intermediary role which enhances investment and growth. Bashir 2007, observe that commercial banks contribute positively to economic growth by channeling surplus funds to their most productive uses. The literature not only showed the greater function of banks in the economy but also stressed that without the existence of a sound and efficient banking system, the economy can't function well. When a bank fails, the whole of a nation's payment system is thrown in to jeopardy (Ikhide, 2000). On the other front, studies also shown that bank performance also is influenced by the business cycle or economic performance (Dermerguc-Kunt,A. and Huizinga, H., 2001). Both ways of arguments justify the close link of banks and the economy which instigates the need to understand the determinants of bank performance from both the Bank and the aggregate economy wide perspectives. Thus, financial performance analysis of commercial banks has been of great interest to academic research. The performance of commercial banks can be affected by internal and external factors (Flamini, C., Valentina C., McDonald, G., Liliana, S. (2009)). These factors can be classified into bank specific (internal) and macroeconomic variables. The internal factors are individual bank characteristics which basically are influenced by the internal decisions of management and board. The external factors are sector wide or country wide factors which are beyond the control of the company and affect the profitability of banks. Studies have shown that commercial banks in Ethiopia are more profitable with an average Return on Equity (ROE) of 21percent (Yigremachew 2007). One of the major reasons behind high return in the sector is the existence of huge gap between the demand for bank service and the supply thereof. The Bank branch to population ratio reached 62,063.6 in during FY 2011/12 (NBE annual report 2011/12). That means, in Ethiopia despite the growth trend in the number of bank branches, the number of banks are few compared to the demand for the services. Recent data also testifies that mostly, the banking sector has experienced a trend of growing profitability alongside positive trends related to balance sheet expansion (NBE Report 2011/12). However, the contributing factors, whether internal or external, to the greatest profitability earned by the industry was not well analyzed. It is important therefore, to understand if the banking sector profitability is being driven by factors related to the bank or are from external sources or both. This raises some important issues: To what extent endogenous factors impact the performance of banks? Do external factors impact the financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia? This will be helpful to identify the reason for the success of some commercial banks among the group and helps to identify the determinants for better performance of the Ethiopian banks. This study, hence basically intends to systematically identify and measure both internal and external factors that impact the performance of the Ethiopian banking sector using data from 1990-2012. The study has different perspectives than the usually observed performance measures applied in most studies done in Ethiopia and other countries. The gaps in literature this study tried to incorporate include: • Most of the research works were not following the regulatory standards to identify the various internal factors that determine the performance of banks. The frameworks used to identify internal determinants sometimes vary with the regulatory rating standards. Also the financial ratios to be used for measuring performance are not in line with the regulatory organ. For instance the loan to deposit ratio which is

Abdu Mohammed Assfaw

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the bank specific factors which can affect the financial performance of private commercial banks in Ethiopia. A total of 6 private commercial banks (those having well organized financial data till 2017) were purposefully taken & their audited annual financial reports were analyzed for the period of 2011-2017. For this purpose, descriptive statistic, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Linear Regression Analytical approaches were applied. In this study, return on equity, return on asset and net interest margin as the dependent variables and bank specific factors like banks size, liquidity management, asset quality, management efficiency and capital adequacy as independent variables were used. Any autocorrelation problem was checked. The results indicated that capital adequacy, management efficiency and size of banks have positive and statistically significant effect on financial performance of private commercial banks of Ethio...

FREE RELATED PAPERS

Dawit Fekadu

This study examines the determinants of financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia by using panel data of seven sample commercial banks out of eighteen commercial banks operated in Ethiopia over the period 2000-2014. Since the data is secondary in nature, the quantitative approach to research was used. Besides, the random effect model was used. Under this study, both internal and external factors were included. The internal factors used in this study include capital adequacy, Asset quality, Earning ability, liquidity management and Bank size whereas, the external factor is foreign exchange rate. Moreover, ROA, ROE and NIM were used to measure the financial performance. This study runs a redundant fixed effects test using Hausman specification test. Hence based on the result random effect model was adopted. Based on the regression result; asset quality, earning ability and bank size have a significant influence on the financial performance of Ethiopian commercial banks mea...

Dakito Alemu

2015, Economics

Kanbiro Orkaido

The objective of this study was to analyze determinants of banks' profitability of commercial bank of Ethiopia in south Addis Ababa district over the period of 2014-2018. To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher employed mixed research approach and adopted explanatory research design to examine the cause and effect relationship of profitability and its determinants. The 12 branches having 5 year audited financial reports (12*5=60 financial statements)were selected as sample using purposive sampling method. Secondary data were collected by reviwing financial statements and analyzed using multiple linear regression models to examine the determinants of the profitability using E-views 8. The primary data was collected through interview with branch managers. Out of five factors incorporated in the model, variables such as management efficiency has (positive), capital adequacy has (positive) and liquidity management of the bank has (negative) and statistically significant influence on profitability of the CBE branches in south Addis Ababa. Whereas, other two factors including debt to equity ratio and bank size has no impact profitability position of the bank. Based on findings of the study, the researchers forwarded possible recommendations that enable the branches to improve management efficiency and capital adequacy more than current status and reduce the liquidity position to optimum since it has negative impact on profitability of the branches.

Tesfaye Kassa

Tilahun mihretu

Bekana D E M B E L Tura

The main objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia during the implementation of growth and transformation plan II. Moreover, determinants of financial performance were examined. The study was conducted using secondary data obtained from the National Bank of Ethiopia, and the official website of each commercial bank. Multiple panel regression and independent sample t tests were used to show the relationship and to compare the financial performance of commercial banks between the study periods. The ratio of non-interest expenses to total expense, log_net profit per employee, interest income to total income, and exchange rate were variables with a positive and significant effect on the financial performance of commercial banks, while log_total loans per branch and inflation affected negatively the financial performance measured by return on assets. Whereas, the ratio of debt to equity, log_net profit per employee, total liquid assets to total deposits, interest income to total income, and exchange rate have a positive and significant impact, while the ratio of loan loss provision to total loan, log_total loans per branch, and inflation negatively and significantly affected financial performance measured by ROE. The independent sample t test shows that except for the ratio of total loans to total deposits and total capital to total assets, the remaining variables did not show significant differences between state and publicly owned banks.

Ahmed Jibrel

2019, European Journal of Business and Management

Texila International Journal , Dominic Tetteh Sackitey

The banking industry is considered to be an important source of financing for most businesses. In Ghana, the financial systems tend to evolve around the banking system. This study therefore sought to critically explore the key financial performance indicators in the banking industry. This study made use of secondary data obtained from published annual reports of Ecobank Ghana Limited from 2005-2015. It was found that the Key Financial Performance Indicators for assessing the financial performance of Ecobank Ghana are: • Profitability which is measured using the following criteria: Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Cost to Income Ratio (CIR). • Liquidity performance is measured using Liquid assets to deposit-borrowing ratio (LADST), Net Loans to total asset ratio (NLTA), Net loans to deposit and borrowing (NLDST). • Asset Credit Quality (Credit Performance) is measured using Loan loss reserve to gross loans (LRGL). • Management of the bank should ensure that Key Performance Indicators are aligned with the specific goals and objectives of the bank. It was recommended that key performance indicators must be quantifiable. The goal must be stated in concise terms and capable of being measured. A time frame must also be established for all key performance indicators, with key checkpoints at various intervals.

Melaku Aweke

2017, International journal of scientific and research publications

This study sought to analyze the overall performance of private commercial banks in Ethiopia using CAMEL rating approach. In this study, the financial performance of six sampled private banks was measured using the audited financial reports of 10 years period (2007-2016). Novel feature of this study was the inclusion of more explanatory variables, which were not used by the average researchers i.e. fixed asset to total assets, net profit per employee, total deposit per no. branches, total loan per no. of branches, measurements.

Publisher ijmra.us UGC Approved

The purpose of this study is to investigate determinants of banks profitability in CBE by using time series data of CBE from year 1983 to 2012. The study used quantitative research approach and secondary financial data are analyzed by using multiple linear regression models for the bank profitability measures: Return on Asset (ROA). OLS method was applied to investigate the impact of bank size, managerial efficiency, liquidity, credit risk, real GDP growth rate, and annual inflation rate on major bank profitability measure i.e., (ROA) separately. The empirical results shows that bank specific factors; bank size, managerial efficiency, credit risk and macroeconomic factors; level of GDP and annual inflation rate have a strong influence on the profitability of banks. The empirical study shows that, all explanatory variables in this study have negative effect on the profitability measure except GDP and inflation rate. In addition to this, without liquidity all explanatory variables are statistically significant. Finally, the researcher have made conclusions and recommendations based on the analyzed results.

Enyew Alemaw Mesfin

This study examines the bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic factors that affect bank profitability of nine commercial banks in Ethiopia, during the period of 2007-2016. To this end, the study adopts a quantitative method of research approach and 9 sample commercial banks were purposively selected from 18 banks operating in Ethiopia. Random effect regression model was run to analyze the raw data collected through audited financial statements. The findings of the study show that capital adequacy, leverage, liquidity, and ownership have statistically significant and positive relationship with banks' profitability. On the other hand, operational efficiency GDP, inflation and interest rate have a negative and statistically significant relationship with banks' profitability. However, the relationship between bank size and number of branch is found to be statistically insignificant. Therefore, Ethiopian commercial banks should not only be worried about internal structures and rules, but they have to give attention for both the internal and the macroeconomic variables together in fashioning out plans to pick up their performance.

2018, Researchers World : Journal of Arts, Science and Commerce

Shimelis Bekele

2015, SSRN Electronic Journal

MINYAHIL ASSEFA

Commercial banks play a vital role in the economic resource allocation of countries. Investigating the performance of banks has been one of the more popular topics among researchers in banking studies. Hence, to contribute to the existing knowledge in Ethiopia, this study sought to analyze the performance of Commercial banks of Ethiopia and the impact of Global Financial crisis, using a sample of seven commercial banks over the period 2004/5-2010/11. The financial performance of the banks measured using basically CAMEL.. The study found that, during the study period, the performance of Commercial banks in Ethiopia mainly changes in accordance with NBE directives. The directives imposed at different time affected all components of CAMEL negatively or positively. However, regardless the tight monitory directives of NBE their performance had been improved. During the financial crisis shortage offoreign exchange earnings significantly reduced commercial banks of Ethiopia ability to meet...

tesfaye zenebe

Wubishet Gebrewold

Isaac Fordjour

Endalew Tarfa

2019, Copernican Journal of Finance and Accounting

The healthiness of the banks is critical because they are highly fragile, vulnerable and closely integrated with other sectors. One way of testing the healthiness of the banks is through the measure of their profitability. Profitability is the primary objective of any business including commercial banks. Profitable banks can withstand any negative shocks and stabilize the whole financial sector. The main objective of this study was to analyze the determinants of the profitability of commercial banks in Ethiopia. To achieve this objective a secondary source balanced panel data of ten years from nine commercial banks were used, and internal determinants; business mix indicators, risk aversion index, management efficiency, liquidity risk, bank size, and external determinants; ownership, market concentration, and GDP, were regressed against return on asset by using the pooled OLS technique. Results indicated that internal determinants were more important than external factors. Thus busi...

Management Studies ISSN 2328-2185

The study examines factors that determine the financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia by using time series data over the period 2004-2019 on the sample of seven banks using secondary data. Moreover, the autoregressive distributed lag model was used. Under this study, both internal and external factors were included as the determinants of bank performance which was measured by loan-to-deposit ratio. The internal factors used in this study include capital adequacy ratio, non-performing loan and loan growth while the external factors are real GDP growth and inflation. Based on the results, specific variables except non-performing loan capital adequacy and loan growth affect banks performance significantly in the long run. In the short run, in addition to those two variables, non-performing loan also affects bank performance. Real GDP growth has negative significant effect on the banks performance in both long and short run. Inflation has insignificant effects on bank performances in both long and short run.

IAEME Publication

2021, IAEME PUBLICATION

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of risk Management aspects such as, managing credit risk, managing operational risk, managing Liquidly risk and managing Market risk on Financial performance (Return on asset and Return on equity) of banking sectors in Ethiopia. The data of five years from 17 Ethiopian commercial banks was taken and the regression result showed that non performing loan ratio and Loan Loss Provision Ratio (Managing Credit risk) has significantly impact both Return On Asset and Return On Equity but Capital adequacy ratio has significance only if financial performance is measured by ROA. Loan to deposit ratio, exchange rate and inflation rate didn’t indicated significance effect on Ethiopian commercial banks.

Mohammed Aidoo

Financial ratio analysis has been the ultimate tool for assessing the financial performance of organizations. However, given the increasing complexities in business operations in recent times, there is increasing shift to alternative methods that takes a multi-dimensional approach and combine several indicators to assess the financial performance of an organization. This study, therefore, aims at establishing Financial Performance Assessment Indices for evaluating banks performance in Ghana. Secondary data which spans over a 5-year period, covering 14 financial ratios on 24 registered banks in Ghana, was extracted from the annual Ghana Banking Survey reports. Analysing the data using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Principal Component Analysis technique, the study confirmed the existence of correlation among sets of financial ratios. The study also identified four basic Financial Performance Assessment Indices; Share of Industry Asset Index, Bank Profitability Index, Return on Ba...

mohamed waritu

Samuel Ntoah-Boadi

2020, International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting

Notwithstanding the challenges facing the financial markets and the current global economic growth prospects, the listed banks that are operating in healthy situation will remain resilient. The study sought to investigate the financial performance of listed Banks Ghana during the period of 2015 to 2018. Financial ratios were used to assess the financial performance (profitability), liquidity, credit performance and capital structure (capital adequacy). Bar charts and line graphs were used to analyse the panel data and the findings indicate that among ROA, ROE, ROD and NIM, net interest margin (NIM) is the best measure of profitability. The findings of the study also showed that the liquidity position of these banks is very alarming and aggravating as most the banks have poor liquidity issues making depositors vulnerable of losing their investments. The findings again revealed that the credit performance of the banks is very abysmal as a result of ineffective and inefficient credit a...

Tefera Lingerew

This paper examines the impact level of credit risk management towards the profitability of commercial banks in Ethiopia in general .it argues that credit risk management has significant impact on profitability of banks of our country. To examine its impact level the researcher uses multiple regression models by taking 10 years ROE (dependent variable), NPLR and CAR (independent variables) from each bank and in addition to that questioner was also distributed to the authorized bodies in the risk management position of each bank. The researcher took seven banks purposively that have ten year and above life span in Ethiopia, those are Commercial bank of Ethiopia ,Nib international bank ,Dashen bank ,Awash international bank ,Banks of Abyssinia, Wegagen Bank and United Bank . Key words: Credit Risk Management, Banks Profitability

Jamiu A Amusa

The banking sector in Nigeria have continuously struggled to make their shareholders happy by justifying the confidence reposed in them through better performance and high profit margins. But the low performance of the banking sector in Nigeria over the last decade has remained a big concern. This study explores the link between bank size, capital ratio, operating expenses, interest rate and the economic situation of the country on the banking sector profitability and performance in Nigeria. The ordinary least square regression model was employed on time-series data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin (1981-2012). The results confirm that the bank size, capital ratio, operating expenses, interest rate and the economic situation of the country have statistically significant effects on banks’ profitability and performance in Nigeria. Thus, government policies in the banking sector must encourage banks to regularly raise their capital and provide the enabling environment that will accelerate overall development in the country. Bank management must efficiently manage their portfolios in order to protect the long run interest of profit-making.

Belayneh Hailegeorgis

2011, Addis Ababa university

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of bank-specific, industryspecific and macroeconomic determinants of Ethiopian commercial banks profitability. The study applied the balanced panel data of seven Ethiopian commercial banks that covers the period 2001- 2010. The paper used Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique to investigate the impact of capital, size, loan, deposits, noninterest income, noninterest expense, credit risk, market concentration, economic growth, inflation and saving interest rate on major profitability indicator i.e., return on asset (ROA). The estimation results show that all bank-specific determinants, with the exception of saving deposit, significantly affect commercial banks profitability in Ethiopia. Market concentration is also a significant determining factor of profitability. Finally, with regard to macroeconomic variables, only economic growth exhibits a significant relationship with banks’ profitability. The results of the study are of value to both academics and policy makers.

ma campus Life Jonna fik

Aklilu Assefa

Wesen Legessa

European Journal of Business Science and Technology

The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of ownership structure on financial performance of Ethiopian commercial banks. Hence, the financial performance of state owned commercial bank was compared with privately owned commercial banks in Ethiopia based on key financial performance measures. In order to achieve the stated objective, the study adopts a quantitative research approach by using financial ratio analysis and test for means equality analysis techniques. Samples of fifteen commercial banks were selected based on the year of establishment. Audited financial statement data covering from 2011 to 2017 analyzed. The result reveal that ROEs of public sector bank was higher than those of private banks but the overall performance of state owned bank was not observed sound because other financial ratios including ROA, LDR, CDR, CAR and NIM, of most of the private banks were found superior. Other findings of the study show that there is a significance difference betwe...

pompong setiadi

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to provide a theoretical review and a complete description about financial performance management of the bank. Method used in this review is the study of literature or theoretical studies. Result of this review indicates that (1) bank’s financial performance is measured with some parameters such as Earning per Share (EPS), Return on Equity (ROE), Return on Asset (ROA), revenue growth, loan growth, net income growth compared to profit planning, saving growth, Return on Investment (ROI), and Net Present Value (NPV); (2) financial parameters are measured depending on accounting methods or treatments used to prepare the financial statement of the bank; (3) Financial ratio is the comparison of two variables of financial data to explain the relationship between those two; (4) Some financial ratios are used by an analyst to measure financial performance, such as: Profitability Ratio, Liquidity Ratio, Solvability Ratio, Activity Ratio, Growth Ratio, ...

Endaweke Mitku

Risk management has become an important topic for financial institutes, especially since the business sector of financial services is related to conditions of uncertainty. The turmoil of the financial industry emphasizes the importance of effective risk management procedures. Consequently, this thesis studies "Risk management and its impact on performance in Ethiopian Commercial Banks." The aim of this paper is therefore to identify the impact of risk management and its impact on bank performance on the Ethiopian bank performance . Balanced fixed effect panel regression was used for the data of eight commercial banks in the sample covered the period from 2002 to 2013. Four risk management variable that affects banks performance were selected and analyzed. The results of panel data regression analysis showed that credit risk management indicator (NPLR), Liquidity risk management indicator(LIQR) and operational risk indicator (CIR) had negative and statistically significant ...

yonas mekonnen

Tamiru Belete Nigussie

2013, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting

2019, Khulna University Business Review

Purpose: The study aims to measure the financial performance of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) from three different perspectives, such as the bank management perspective, market perspective, and shareholder perspective. Design/Methodology/Approach: A range of financial ratios/indicators are used, include activity ratios, short-term solvency ratios, asset quality ratios, and management capability ratios, to illustrate the performance of the bank in several operational areas. Subsequently, accounting return-based, market-based, and value-based performance measures are used to assess the financial performance of the bank. All data are collected from the publicly available annual reports of the bank over the period 2012-2017. Findings: The study finds that the bank has not faced liquidity problem and it has enhanced its efficiency throughout the study period. However, it has experienced poor management capability in the collection of deposits. Overall, the study finds that the fi...

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2023

• p-ISSN : 2715-419X e-ISSN : 2715-4203
• Online Submission
• About Journal
• Editorial Team

LITERATURE REVIEW OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND FINANCIAL DISTRESS: LIQUIDITY AND PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS (FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT LITERATURE REVIEW)

Article sidebar.

Main Article Content

Literature article Reviewing the Effect of Liquidity and Profitability in the context of financial management, a scientific study titled Financial Performance and Financial Distress tries to provide a research hypothesis on the interaction between factors. This literature review was written using the library research approach, including information from online academic databases like Google Scholar, Mendeley, and others. The outcomes of this article's literature review are:1) Liquidity affects Financial Performance; 2) Profitability has an effect on Financial Performance; 3) Liquidity affects Financial Distress; 4) Profitability has an effect on Financial Distress; and 5) Financial Performance Affects Financial Distress; In addition to these 2 external factors that influence the endogenous variables Financial Performance and Financial Distress there are still other additional elements, like as Leverage, Solvency and Activity variables.

Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .

Authors who publish their manuscripts in this journal agree to the following conditions:

• The copyright on each article belongs to the author(s).
• The author acknowledges that the Dinasti International Journal of Digital Business Management (DIJDBM) has the right to be the first to publish with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license  (Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
• Authors can submit articles separately, arrange for the non-exclusive distribution of manuscripts that have been published in this journal into other versions (e.g., sent to the author's institutional repository, publication into books, etc.), by acknowledging that the manuscript has been published for the first time in the Dinasti International Journal of Digital Business Management (DIJDBM).