how not to write a medical paper pdf

How to Write a Research Paper

Writing a research paper is a bit more difficult that a standard high school essay. You need to site sources, use academic data and show scientific examples. Before beginning, you’ll need guidelines for how to write a research paper.

Before you begin writing the research paper, you must do your research. It is important that you understand the subject matter, formulate the ideas of your paper, create your thesis statement and learn how to speak about your given topic in an authoritative manner. You’ll be looking through online databases, encyclopedias, almanacs, periodicals, books, newspapers, government publications, reports, guides and scholarly resources. Take notes as you discover new information about your given topic. Also keep track of the references you use so you can build your bibliography later and cite your resources.

Develop Your Thesis Statement

When organizing your research paper, the thesis statement is where you explain to your readers what they can expect, present your claims, answer any questions that you were asked or explain your interpretation of the subject matter you’re researching. Therefore, the thesis statement must be strong and easy to understand. Your thesis statement must also be precise. It should answer the question you were assigned, and there should be an opportunity for your position to be opposed or disputed. The body of your manuscript should support your thesis, and it should be more than a generic fact.

Create an Outline

Many professors require outlines during the research paper writing process. You’ll find that they want outlines set up with a title page, abstract, introduction, research paper body and reference section. The title page is typically made up of the student’s name, the name of the college, the name of the class and the date of the paper. The abstract is a summary of the paper. An introduction typically consists of one or two pages and comments on the subject matter of the research paper. In the body of the research paper, you’ll be breaking it down into materials and methods, results and discussions. Your references are in your bibliography. Use a research paper example to help you with your outline if necessary.

Organize Your Notes

When writing your first draft, you’re going to have to work on organizing your notes first. During this process, you’ll be deciding which references you’ll be putting in your bibliography and which will work best as in-text citations. You’ll be working on this more as you develop your working drafts and look at more white paper examples to help guide you through the process.

Write Your Final Draft

After you’ve written a first and second draft and received corrections from your professor, it’s time to write your final copy. By now, you should have seen an example of a research paper layout and know how to put your paper together. You’ll have your title page, abstract, introduction, thesis statement, in-text citations, footnotes and bibliography complete. Be sure to check with your professor to ensure if you’re writing in APA style, or if you’re using another style guide.

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How NOT to Write a Medical Paper

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Description

Look out while you write that medical paper!

Markus Heinemann’s hands-on guide with practical advice to help you avoid mistakes while writing a medical paper is now available in an updated second edition.The book maintains its one-of-a-kind approach of presenting examples, predominantly negative ones, to exhibit how one should not write a medical paper or any other scientific text.

The second edition is rich in new examples from real manuscripts to drive home concepts. It also includes a new section focusing on common mistakes associated with language and stylistic principles.

Special Features:

• Abundant information about a complex subject condensed in a small format

• Coverage of potential pitfalls in each component of a manuscript that make it difficult for a paper to get accepted for publication

• Explanation of the fate of a manuscript after its submission and,eventually,acceptance, to help writers understand expectations and responses

• Lucid language and enjoyable read

This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in scientific publishing.Junior medical scientists (independent of specialty), experienced scientists who wish to venture as authors, reviewers, and even editorial personnel can refer to the book time and again.

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How Not to Write A Medical Paper

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• 9789385062520
• 9789385062292

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About this book.

Writing a medical paper, or any other scientific text, is full of pitfalls which make it difficult to get it accepted for publication. This unique book gives practical advice on how one can circumvent these dangers. It is richly filled with examples, predominantly negative ones. which exhibit how one should not write a medical paper. This book highlights the fallibilities that manuscripts are often susceptible to, and hence will help writers avoid committing those mistakes. Special Features: Abundant information about a complex subject condensed in a small format Numerous examples from bad manuscripts to drive home concepts Practical advice on mistakes to be avoided Explanation of the fate of a manuscript after its submission and, eventually, acceptance, to help writers understand expectations and responses Lucid language, and enjoyable read This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in scientific publishing. Junior medical scientists (independent of specialty), experienced scientists who wish to venture as authors, reviewers, and even editorial personnel can refer to the book time and again.

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• Volume 5, Issue 7
• How (not) to write about global health
• Article Text
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• http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3062-2519 Desmond T Jumbam
• Accra , Greater Accra Region , Ghana
• Correspondence to Desmond T Jumbam; desmond.jumbam{at}gmail.com

http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003164

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There has been much talk recently in BMJ Global Health , in other journals, and on social media platforms, about equity in global health research. But there has been little guidance on how to write about global health in a way that advances equity and justice. Inspired by a famous satirical article by the Kenyan author Binyavanga Wainaina, I present some guidelines for how (not) to write about global health. 1

It is frequently said that buy-in from local stakeholders is essential for the success of any global health project. Without local buy-in, your project is likely not to be adopted by the community and be sustainable. In order to ensure that your project has the buy-in of the community, set up a 1- to 2-day workshop with community members to get their input on the project for which you already have funding and a protocol. As long as this workshop is held, and you mention it in your final write-up, it will be clear to your readers that you were able to obtain the buy-in of the community. Do not pay too much attention to what is discussed at the workshop; you already understand the issues and know exactly what the community needs. Plus, you already have funding for this particular project, and it is unlikely that the project will change significantly based on the actual needs expressed at this workshop.

Let sustainability worry about itself when the time comes. Your main task at hand is to develop and execute your project successfully (by your standards), write up the results and publish your manuscript. You need to meet those grant deadlines! You can worry about sustainability after the project is complete or better yet let somebody else worry about it.

Do not expend too much energy to find true collaborators on the ground from the very beginning. This can be time-consuming, and you have grant application deadlines to meet. Design the project and secure the funding first. That is the most important thing. Without funding, there will be no project. After the funding is obtained, then and only then should you seek out the buy-in of your local counterparts.

One week in a country or community is a significant experience and exposure to the intricacies of a particular culture for you to be able to write about that country or community’s problems and propose solutions. With 1 week on the ground, you’ll get the general idea. Lots of poverty and death, helpless people, corrupt national or local governments, something about colonialism, and oh yes, weak health systems. You get the idea.

Do not spend too much time studying the historical, cultural, anthropological, political and sociological contexts. Don’t bother with trying to understand the complex intricacies and relationships between these and health. This will take too much time and will just delay the good work that you can do to help the country or community. Engaging too deeply with context will also delay the writing process. In any case, you are primarily a global health practitioner and not a historian or anthropologist.

You must not take that week you spent on the ground for granted. This, combined with the numerous articles and books that you have read, will give you sufficient expertise to write knowledgeably on your global health issue in that particular country or community.

When you write, do not overstate the historical and current efforts of local researchers, clinicians, public health practitioners, community groups and other individuals and groups on the ground. This can detract from your key message and take up valuable space in your manuscript. Do not bother using or acknowledging local knowledge. Write as if for an external audience; the foreign gaze. Also, do not cite the publications of local researchers, seeing that they are in predatory and local journals. Remember, whatever is not published in high impact journals never happened.

If you have already advanced far along on a manuscript and realise that you have none or too few local authors on your paper and are likely to be tarred and feathered on Twitter for lack of author diversity, you can always reach out to that acquaintance you met once on your 1-week trip. Invite them to be a co-author on the paper and be sure to emphasise how much you value their input in your email to them. They’ll appreciate that. However, do not give them any major authorship positions on the paper, definitely not first, second or last author positions. In all fairness, they have not contributed enough to warrant any of these esteemed positions, but they will thankfully avert any Twitter outrage coming your way.

The acknowledgement section is a great resource. It is where you recognise all the significant contributions of your local partners. There is that one great person who has been your man or woman on the ground; they helped you gain access to the country or community, helped you to refine your research question, find participants and even helped you to make sense of your findings. Be sure to acknowledge their contributions effusively. Mention all that they did to help you and your research. But do not name them as co-author. Save the authorship positions for those who have done the ‘real’ work on the project.

There is always a silver lining, no matter how seemingly little impact your results indicate that your project has had. With some extra sophisticated analysis and a few twists and turns, you will find that silver lining. It is never a good idea to frustrate your funders. Where will you get more money to conduct other potentially impactful global health projects? It will certainly not help in getting you that professorship position that you so desperately want.

And yes, your study in one small community in remote Zimbabwe can be generalised to the entire country and even to the mostly homogeneous, if large, African continent. Be sure to emphasise this in the discussion section. Show how impactful your project and findings could be and recommend that your intervention be scaled up in all other low-income and middle-income countries, seeing that they all have similar needs.

Never forget to include the old African proverb “if you want to go fast, walk alone. If you want to go far, walk together” or the Chinese proverb “Give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day, teach a man to fish and feed him for a lifetime.” How else will your readers know yours is a global health paper? It will also show that you have taken the time to understand local customs and have connected with the community on a deep level.

If you follow these guidelines, you are sure to become a prolific writer and successful global health researcher. But remember to train those coming behind, your research assistants and PhD students, to do just the same if they want to become successful like you.

Twitter @desmondtanko

Contributors DTJ conceived and wrote this manuscript.

Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Competing interests None declared.

Patient consent for publication Not required.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.

Data availability statement There are no data in this work.

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